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Cerita Dari Hutan

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"Karhutla, Apa Sih Dampaknya Buat Saya?"

Cerita
29 October 2023 323 0
JAWA BARAT

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Author

Ayu Dysa

3

"Karhutla, Apa Sih Dampaknya Buat Saya?"


Menurut Surat Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan, SK. Menhut. Nomor 195/Kpts-II/1996 Kebakaran hutan dan lahan atau yang biasa kita singkat menjadi (Karhutla) merupakan suatu keadaan di mana hutan dilanda api, sehingga mengakibatkan kerusakan hutan dan hasil hutan yang menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi dan lingkungannya. Terdapat 2 faktor penyebab terjadinya karhutla yang pertama yaitu faktor alam dan yang kedua yaitu faktor perbuatan dari manusia. Faktor alam dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa hal misalnya tersambar petir, terkena lelehan lahar gunung api, terjadi gesekan antar pepohonan yang menimbulkan percikan api dan kekeringan sedangkan faktor perbuatan manusia dapat disebabkan oleh aktivitas penggunaan api disekitar lahan dan hutan.


Kebakaran hutan dan lahan rentan terjadi pada musim kemarau yang dikarenakan rendahnya intensitas hujan sehingga lahan menjadi kering dan rentan dilahap api. Meskipun kekeringan dapat meningkatkan resiko terjadinya karhutla, sebenarnya faktor manusialah pemicu utama terjadinya karhutla. Menurut Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) 99 persen karhutla adalah ulah manusia dan 1 persennya disebabkan oleh alam.

Perundang-undangan telah menyatakan secara tegas mengenai pelanggaran pembukaan lahan dengan cara membakar. Ketentuan tersebut tercantum dalam berbagai regulasi seperti Undang-Undang No.41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan, UU No. 32 tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaaan Lingkungan Hidup (PPLH) dan UU No. 39 tahun 2014 tentang Perkebunan. Pasal 78 Ayat 3 UU No. 41 tahun 1999 menerangkan pembakaran hutan dengan sengaja dikenakan pidana paling lama 15 tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp. 5 miliar. Sedangkan pada Ayat 4 pasal tersebut menyatakan pelanggar karena kelalaiannya diancam pidana 15 tahun dengan denda paling banyak Rp 1,5 miliar. Akan tetapi walaupun sudah ada perundang-undangan yang mengatur mengenai perkara tersebut karhutla masih sering terjadi di Indonesia. Dan pada kenyataannya denda tersebut tidak mampu menutupi dampak kerugian yang sangat luas yang disebabkan oleh karhutla baik dari sektor kesehatan, ekonomi, pendidikan, lingkungan dan dampak finansial.


Dan tahukah kamu bahwa Karhutla menjadi salah satu penyebab perubahan iklim di bumi kita ini?

Perubahan iklim merupakan perubahan suhu dan pola cuaca dalam jangka panjang. Memang, iklim di bumi selalu mengalami perubahan baik pendinginan maupun pemanasan yang dipengaruhi oleh orbit bumi dan perubahan kandungan gas dalam atmosfer. Akan tetapi perubahan iklim yang terjadi saat ini lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas manusia yang menghasilkan emisi gas rumah kaca, seperti karbon dioksida dan metana yang menyebabkan peningkatan suhu global, hal ini disampaikan oleh American Meteorological Society dan U.S. Global Change Research Program dalam penelitiannya.

Menurut data Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan selama kurun waktu Januari hingga Agustus 2023 karhutla mencapai total 267.935,59 ha dan telah menghasilkan emisi 32,9 juta ton ekuivalen karbon dioksida. Pada periode tersebut karhutla di Kalimantan Selatan telah menghabiskan lahan seluas 24.588 ha dan mengakibatkan 189.111 masyarakat di Kalimantan Selatan terserang ISPA dan angka ini menurut Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kalimantan Selatan masih terus meningkat.


Sebenarnya dampak karhutla yang dapat memicu perubahan iklim ini dapat dirasakan oleh kita semua loh, termasuk bagi kita yang tinggal di perkotaan. Contohnya saja badan jadi lebih mudah gerah, keringetan, rambut jadi lebih mudah lepek, terserang batuk, pilek, pasokan air terbatas dan rumah jadi lebih cepat kotor dari biasanya akibat peningkatan debu. Bila karhutla terus terjadi akan menimbulkan perubahan iklim yang semakin masif dan berakibat fatal terhadap kehidupan mahluk hidup dibumi ini. Karena pemulihan kerusakan ekosistem yang disebabkan oleh karhutla memerlukan waktu yang cukup lama yaitu sekitar 30 hingga 50 tahun lamanya.


Lalu apa saja sih aksi yang bisa kita lakukan sebagai anak muda yang tinggal di perkotaan?

  1. Kita bisa mengedukasi teman, keluarga bahkan masyarakat sekitar mengenai bahaya karhutla dan dampaknya, serta mensosialisasikan cara pencegahannya baik secara online melalui platform sosial media maupun secara offline.
  2. Mengikuti atau berdonasi untuk program penanaman pohon.
  3. Bergabung dengan kelompok sukarelawan yang fokus pada pelestarian lingkungan dan penanggulangan karhutla.
  4. Mengurangi pemakaian kertas, tissue, kapas, minyak dan mengurangi pembelian pakaian karena hal tersebut melibatkan penebangan pohon dalam pembuatannya dan dapat memicu pembukaan lahan dengan cara dibakar.
  5. Memastikan sampah dibuang dengan benar agar tidak memicu kebakaran, serta mengurangi penggunaan barang sekali pakai yang sulit terurai.


Dengan aksi-aksi ini, masyarakat muda diperkotaan dapat berperan aktif dalam upaya pencegahan serta penanggulangan karhutla dan menjaga keberlanjutan lingkungan hidup. Karena setiap tindakan kecil yang kita lakukan tetap akan memberikan kontribusi dalam menjaga lingkungan dan mencegah terjadinya karhutla.

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